WEBVTT

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.720 align:middle line:90%


00:00:00.720 --> 00:00:03.870 align:middle line:90%
What is foster care?

00:00:03.870 --> 00:00:07.170 align:middle line:84%
So foster care is basically
one type of family-based care

00:00:07.170 --> 00:00:10.560 align:middle line:84%
that falls within the
continuum of alternative care.

00:00:10.560 --> 00:00:12.210 align:middle line:84%
And it's one of
the types of care

00:00:12.210 --> 00:00:15.000 align:middle line:84%
that we can assess under
the suitability principle.

00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:17.190 align:middle line:84%
So basically once
alternative care

00:00:17.190 --> 00:00:19.920 align:middle line:84%
has been deemed as
necessary for a given child,

00:00:19.920 --> 00:00:23.160 align:middle line:84%
then we're looking at what type
of care is best for that child,

00:00:23.160 --> 00:00:25.860 align:middle line:84%
taking into consideration
their broader rights,

00:00:25.860 --> 00:00:29.130 align:middle line:84%
taking into consideration
their specific needs

00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:32.100 align:middle line:84%
and also the available
resources and services

00:00:32.100 --> 00:00:34.480 align:middle line:84%
within their country and
within their context.

00:00:34.480 --> 00:00:37.320 align:middle line:84%
So foster care is one of
those types of care options

00:00:37.320 --> 00:00:40.320 align:middle line:84%
that we may assess as being
suitable for a given child.

00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:43.020 align:middle line:84%
And it's basically a type
of family-based care.

00:00:43.020 --> 00:00:45.804 align:middle line:84%
And if we look to the guidelines
on the alternative care

00:00:45.804 --> 00:00:47.220 align:middle line:84%
of children, it's
actually defined

00:00:47.220 --> 00:00:48.330 align:middle line:90%
within those guidelines.

00:00:48.330 --> 00:00:50.020 align:middle line:90%
And I'll read it out to you.

00:00:50.020 --> 00:00:52.710 align:middle line:84%
It's defined as
situations where children

00:00:52.710 --> 00:00:55.260 align:middle line:84%
are placed by a competent
authority for the purpose

00:00:55.260 --> 00:00:58.290 align:middle line:84%
of alternative care in
the domestic environment

00:00:58.290 --> 00:01:01.680 align:middle line:84%
of a family other than the
child's own family that

00:01:01.680 --> 00:01:05.700 align:middle line:84%
has been selected, qualified,
approved, and supervised

00:01:05.700 --> 00:01:07.920 align:middle line:90%
for providing such care.

00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:11.100 align:middle line:84%
So within those
guidelines, we can

00:01:11.100 --> 00:01:13.290 align:middle line:84%
see that particular
definition really

00:01:13.290 --> 00:01:15.720 align:middle line:90%
refers to formal foster care.

00:01:15.720 --> 00:01:18.390 align:middle line:84%
But it's also worth noting
that in many countries

00:01:18.390 --> 00:01:22.110 align:middle line:84%
and in many contexts there also
exists informal foster care,

00:01:22.110 --> 00:01:25.470 align:middle line:84%
which is where two families will
enter into a private agreement

00:01:25.470 --> 00:01:29.070 align:middle line:84%
and arrangement for the care
of one child or a sibling group

00:01:29.070 --> 00:01:31.170 align:middle line:84%
whereby they'll place a
child within a family.

00:01:31.170 --> 00:01:33.090 align:middle line:84%
But there's no
state involvement.

00:01:33.090 --> 00:01:35.800 align:middle line:84%
So that's also a
type of foster care

00:01:35.800 --> 00:01:38.590 align:middle line:90%
that is quite common as well.

00:01:38.590 --> 00:01:42.009 align:middle line:84%
What are the different
types of foster care?

00:01:42.009 --> 00:01:44.050 align:middle line:84%
There are several different
types of foster care.

00:01:44.050 --> 00:01:47.620 align:middle line:84%
It's an umbrella term for
family-based care arrangements.

00:01:47.620 --> 00:01:51.700 align:middle line:84%
But we have one type which is
called emergency foster care.

00:01:51.700 --> 00:01:53.770 align:middle line:84%
And that's really
unplanned foster care

00:01:53.770 --> 00:01:56.960 align:middle line:84%
whereby a child is going to come
into care in very short notice.

00:01:56.960 --> 00:01:58.750 align:middle line:84%
And they may stay
for just one night

00:01:58.750 --> 00:02:02.170 align:middle line:84%
or they may stay for up to
a maximum period of time.

00:02:02.170 --> 00:02:04.540 align:middle line:84%
And countries may define
that maximum differently.

00:02:04.540 --> 00:02:08.800 align:middle line:84%
It can range from 28 days up
to a 90-day period whereby

00:02:08.800 --> 00:02:11.680 align:middle line:84%
they're looking for those
more long-term options.

00:02:11.680 --> 00:02:13.570 align:middle line:84%
We've also got
short-term foster care

00:02:13.570 --> 00:02:15.610 align:middle line:84%
which is care
provided for usually

00:02:15.610 --> 00:02:17.380 align:middle line:84%
under a six-month
period of time.

00:02:17.380 --> 00:02:19.660 align:middle line:84%
And that's more
generalised foster care.

00:02:19.660 --> 00:02:21.850 align:middle line:84%
We've got long-term
foster care which

00:02:21.850 --> 00:02:24.620 align:middle line:84%
is whereby care is provided
for in over a six-month period

00:02:24.620 --> 00:02:25.120 align:middle line:90%
of time.

00:02:25.120 --> 00:02:26.860 align:middle line:84%
And in some countries,
it can actually

00:02:26.860 --> 00:02:29.610 align:middle line:84%
be considered a
permanent option.

00:02:29.610 --> 00:02:31.650 align:middle line:84%
We've also got
specialist foster care.

00:02:31.650 --> 00:02:34.810 align:middle line:84%
So this can be care provided,
intensive care provided,

00:02:34.810 --> 00:02:36.320 align:middle line:90%
for children with special needs.

00:02:36.320 --> 00:02:38.860 align:middle line:84%
Often, care for babies
is also included

00:02:38.860 --> 00:02:41.560 align:middle line:84%
in the specialised
foster care category.

00:02:41.560 --> 00:02:43.960 align:middle line:84%
And then, lastly, we
have respite foster care.

00:02:43.960 --> 00:02:47.170 align:middle line:84%
And that's giving
a break to families

00:02:47.170 --> 00:02:49.120 align:middle line:84%
or to other foster
families who are

00:02:49.120 --> 00:02:51.820 align:middle line:84%
providing that long-term
care for children.

00:02:51.820 --> 00:02:55.030 align:middle line:84%
So all of these different types
of family-based care placements

00:02:55.030 --> 00:02:57.310 align:middle line:84%
that come under that
category of foster care

00:02:57.310 --> 00:03:00.040 align:middle line:84%
are still considered
temporary care options.

00:03:00.040 --> 00:03:02.050 align:middle line:84%
And as a result, we
do need to make sure

00:03:02.050 --> 00:03:05.110 align:middle line:84%
that we are continuing
to monitor and to support

00:03:05.110 --> 00:03:08.140 align:middle line:84%
and supervise those placements
for the full duration

00:03:08.140 --> 00:03:09.040 align:middle line:90%
of the placement.

00:03:09.040 --> 00:03:12.070 align:middle line:84%
What are the key
benefits of foster care?

00:03:12.070 --> 00:03:14.770 align:middle line:84%
Foster care is a really
positive alternative,

00:03:14.770 --> 00:03:17.080 align:middle line:84%
particularly to
residential care,

00:03:17.080 --> 00:03:20.080 align:middle line:84%
because it can provide children
with that very personalised

00:03:20.080 --> 00:03:24.400 align:middle line:84%
care in a normal family and
community environment that

00:03:24.400 --> 00:03:25.990 align:middle line:90%
residential care can't.

00:03:25.990 --> 00:03:27.880 align:middle line:84%
And as a result
of that, it really

00:03:27.880 --> 00:03:30.070 align:middle line:84%
reduces or removes
the risk of children

00:03:30.070 --> 00:03:32.020 align:middle line:90%
becoming institutionalised.

00:03:32.020 --> 00:03:33.610 align:middle line:84%
And therefore it's
considered widely

00:03:33.610 --> 00:03:35.440 align:middle line:84%
considered in the
care sector as being

00:03:35.440 --> 00:03:38.590 align:middle line:84%
more conducive to children's
long-term well-being

00:03:38.590 --> 00:03:40.540 align:middle line:84%
and also their
cognitive development

00:03:40.540 --> 00:03:41.830 align:middle line:90%
and their socialisation.

00:03:41.830 --> 00:03:44.440 align:middle line:84%
So that ability to provide
that personalised care

00:03:44.440 --> 00:03:46.480 align:middle line:90%
is one of the key benefits.

00:03:46.480 --> 00:03:50.360 align:middle line:84%
It's also a really positive
alternative for young children,

00:03:50.360 --> 00:03:52.270 align:middle line:84%
particularly for
children under three,

00:03:52.270 --> 00:03:55.000 align:middle line:84%
to be cared for in that
family environment.

00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:58.180 align:middle line:84%
And the guideline actually makes
a recommendation that young

00:03:58.180 --> 00:04:01.360 align:middle line:84%
children's' care always takes
place in a family environment.

00:04:01.360 --> 00:04:04.420 align:middle line:84%
So where that needs to
be alternative care not

00:04:04.420 --> 00:04:07.360 align:middle line:84%
within the biological
family or extended family,

00:04:07.360 --> 00:04:10.150 align:middle line:84%
foster care is a really
good option for them

00:04:10.150 --> 00:04:13.000 align:middle line:84%
where it's suitable for
that individual child.

00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:16.089 align:middle line:84%
And obviously it
removes that risk

00:04:16.089 --> 00:04:18.579 align:middle line:84%
in the very early
years where the risk

00:04:18.579 --> 00:04:22.060 align:middle line:84%
of developmental delays or
detriment to their brain

00:04:22.060 --> 00:04:24.790 align:middle line:84%
formation is highest by
providing that care for them

00:04:24.790 --> 00:04:26.620 align:middle line:90%
within the family.

00:04:26.620 --> 00:04:28.180 align:middle line:84%
We also say that
there's a benefit

00:04:28.180 --> 00:04:31.510 align:middle line:84%
to children's' self-esteem
and their social standing

00:04:31.510 --> 00:04:32.650 align:middle line:90%
in the community.

00:04:32.650 --> 00:04:34.480 align:middle line:84%
In many countries
and contexts, there's

00:04:34.480 --> 00:04:37.360 align:middle line:84%
a much higher stigma,
social stigma,

00:04:37.360 --> 00:04:40.360 align:middle line:84%
attached to growing up in
residential care in comparison

00:04:40.360 --> 00:04:42.260 align:middle line:90%
with growing up in foster care.

00:04:42.260 --> 00:04:45.190 align:middle line:84%
And so we say that it has a
benefit to a child's standing

00:04:45.190 --> 00:04:47.650 align:middle line:84%
in the community, their
connection and identity

00:04:47.650 --> 00:04:50.990 align:middle line:84%
to a community and a culture
and as such to their self-esteem

00:04:50.990 --> 00:04:51.970 align:middle line:90%
and their self-image.

00:04:51.970 --> 00:04:54.850 align:middle line:84%
And all of those things are
really critical, particularly

00:04:54.850 --> 00:04:57.280 align:middle line:84%
for young people and
kids, for their transition

00:04:57.280 --> 00:04:59.050 align:middle line:90%
into independent adulthood.

00:04:59.050 --> 00:05:01.280 align:middle line:84%
Those things are all very,
very critical component.

00:05:01.280 --> 00:05:03.760 align:middle line:84%
So it definitely
has that benefit.

00:05:03.760 --> 00:05:06.070 align:middle line:84%
We also say that
there's a cost benefit.

00:05:06.070 --> 00:05:08.110 align:middle line:84%
In most countries, the
comparative studies

00:05:08.110 --> 00:05:11.560 align:middle line:84%
are showing us that
foster care is anywhere

00:05:11.560 --> 00:05:15.220 align:middle line:84%
between three and ten times
cheaper than providing care

00:05:15.220 --> 00:05:17.260 align:middle line:84%
for children in
residential care centres.

00:05:17.260 --> 00:05:20.950 align:middle line:84%
So although they
can pay a high cost

00:05:20.950 --> 00:05:23.350 align:middle line:84%
to investing in the
establishment of foster care

00:05:23.350 --> 00:05:25.600 align:middle line:84%
initially, particularly
where we need

00:05:25.600 --> 00:05:28.270 align:middle line:84%
to make a significant
investment in the development

00:05:28.270 --> 00:05:31.640 align:middle line:84%
of the social work force,
that can be quite expensive.

00:05:31.640 --> 00:05:34.270 align:middle line:84%
So in the outlying set up,
there can be high cost.

00:05:34.270 --> 00:05:36.640 align:middle line:84%
But as that is
developed ongoing,

00:05:36.640 --> 00:05:38.950 align:middle line:84%
we generally say
that foster care

00:05:38.950 --> 00:05:42.130 align:middle line:84%
is a much more cost effective
option than residential care.

00:05:42.130 --> 00:05:46.010 align:middle line:84%
So there's some of
the key benefits.

00:05:46.010 --> 00:05:49.970 align:middle line:84%
What is required to make
foster care safe and effective

00:05:49.970 --> 00:05:51.320 align:middle line:90%
for children?

00:05:51.320 --> 00:05:54.590 align:middle line:84%
To ensure that foster care
is safe, that it's effective,

00:05:54.590 --> 00:05:57.500 align:middle line:84%
and that it actually is and
remains in children's best

00:05:57.500 --> 00:06:00.770 align:middle line:84%
interests, it's really important
that we develop and implement

00:06:00.770 --> 00:06:04.160 align:middle line:84%
really robust processes covering
all the different components

00:06:04.160 --> 00:06:05.960 align:middle line:90%
of a foster care programme.

00:06:05.960 --> 00:06:09.770 align:middle line:84%
So that includes starting
right from the selection

00:06:09.770 --> 00:06:12.520 align:middle line:84%
and screening and
training of families

00:06:12.520 --> 00:06:16.220 align:middle line:84%
to the matching of children
to specific families based

00:06:16.220 --> 00:06:20.330 align:middle line:84%
on the individual dynamics of
both the child and the family

00:06:20.330 --> 00:06:24.860 align:middle line:84%
through to the monitoring of
those placements to the support

00:06:24.860 --> 00:06:27.200 align:middle line:84%
that we provide to
the child and also

00:06:27.200 --> 00:06:29.600 align:middle line:84%
to the caregivers
and the family,

00:06:29.600 --> 00:06:32.090 align:middle line:84%
and also looking at when
the child is preparing

00:06:32.090 --> 00:06:35.000 align:middle line:84%
to exit the care system
and the preparation that

00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:36.560 align:middle line:90%
goes around that as well.

00:06:36.560 --> 00:06:38.570 align:middle line:84%
So we need to make sure
we've got procedures,

00:06:38.570 --> 00:06:41.480 align:middle line:84%
we've got processes that cover
all those different components

00:06:41.480 --> 00:06:44.870 align:middle line:84%
to make sure that it is safe
and effective for children.

00:06:44.870 --> 00:06:47.210 align:middle line:84%
And while there
are very generic,

00:06:47.210 --> 00:06:50.480 align:middle line:84%
universal good practise
principles and knowledge that

00:06:50.480 --> 00:06:53.810 align:middle line:84%
can be applied to all of
those different components,

00:06:53.810 --> 00:06:56.550 align:middle line:84%
it's also really important that
we take into account the very

00:06:56.550 --> 00:07:00.800 align:middle line:84%
specific cultural and contextual
dynamics in the country

00:07:00.800 --> 00:07:03.350 align:middle line:84%
or the communities where we're
running these foster care

00:07:03.350 --> 00:07:05.510 align:middle line:90%
programmes into consideration.

00:07:05.510 --> 00:07:08.120 align:middle line:84%
And I'll give you a
couple of examples.

00:07:08.120 --> 00:07:10.400 align:middle line:84%
In Cambodia, where we've
developed a foster care

00:07:10.400 --> 00:07:13.400 align:middle line:84%
programme there, we recognised
early on that the country has

00:07:13.400 --> 00:07:16.040 align:middle line:84%
a very strong orientation
towards collectivism.

00:07:16.040 --> 00:07:18.530 align:middle line:84%
And so we were
able to understand

00:07:18.530 --> 00:07:20.564 align:middle line:84%
how that affects the way
children are cared for,

00:07:20.564 --> 00:07:21.980 align:middle line:84%
how it affects the
way communities

00:07:21.980 --> 00:07:24.260 align:middle line:84%
rally around children
and families.

00:07:24.260 --> 00:07:27.260 align:middle line:84%
And we are able to adapt some of
their procedures and processes

00:07:27.260 --> 00:07:28.340 align:middle line:90%
in light of that.

00:07:28.340 --> 00:07:30.290 align:middle line:84%
So some of those
adaptations for us

00:07:30.290 --> 00:07:34.430 align:middle line:84%
included looking at more of a
collective model of foster care

00:07:34.430 --> 00:07:37.730 align:middle line:84%
whereby we firstly looked
at when we're starting

00:07:37.730 --> 00:07:39.560 align:middle line:84%
a foster care cluster
in a new community,

00:07:39.560 --> 00:07:41.550 align:middle line:84%
not starting them
with individuals

00:07:41.550 --> 00:07:44.210 align:middle line:84%
but rather starting them where
there was a network of families

00:07:44.210 --> 00:07:47.870 align:middle line:84%
that were willing, screened,
approved, and accredited

00:07:47.870 --> 00:07:49.130 align:middle line:90%
to provide care for children.

00:07:49.130 --> 00:07:52.220 align:middle line:84%
And that really increased the
peer support for these children

00:07:52.220 --> 00:07:55.790 align:middle line:84%
and also for their caregivers
and was really quite pivotal

00:07:55.790 --> 00:07:58.220 align:middle line:84%
in making sure that these
placements didn't break down.

00:07:58.220 --> 00:08:00.290 align:middle line:84%
Because it created that
support framework that

00:08:00.290 --> 00:08:02.380 align:middle line:90%
aligned with their culture.

00:08:02.380 --> 00:08:05.480 align:middle line:84%
And so that became embedded
in our procedural framework

00:08:05.480 --> 00:08:07.880 align:middle line:84%
for how we establish
the foster care

00:08:07.880 --> 00:08:10.700 align:middle line:90%
clusters in new communities.

00:08:10.700 --> 00:08:12.410 align:middle line:84%
We also found that
this increased

00:08:12.410 --> 00:08:14.090 align:middle line:84%
the level of
acceptance for a child

00:08:14.090 --> 00:08:15.749 align:middle line:84%
into the community
when there were

00:08:15.749 --> 00:08:17.540 align:middle line:84%
other children in the
community being cared

00:08:17.540 --> 00:08:19.320 align:middle line:90%
for in foster families as well.

00:08:19.320 --> 00:08:23.090 align:middle line:84%
So again, that is why we changed
some of our recommendations

00:08:23.090 --> 00:08:25.340 align:middle line:90%
on that basis.

00:08:25.340 --> 00:08:27.920 align:middle line:84%
It's also really
important that we

00:08:27.920 --> 00:08:30.770 align:middle line:84%
have these mechanisms
in place, not just so

00:08:30.770 --> 00:08:32.929 align:middle line:84%
that we get children
into foster families

00:08:32.929 --> 00:08:36.260 align:middle line:84%
and that initial matching
and placement process

00:08:36.260 --> 00:08:40.789 align:middle line:84%
is successful, but so that care
remains appropriate and remains

00:08:40.789 --> 00:08:43.220 align:middle line:84%
safe for children on an
ongoing basis for however

00:08:43.220 --> 00:08:44.750 align:middle line:90%
long that they're in care.

00:08:44.750 --> 00:08:47.517 align:middle line:84%
So when we don't have those
solid and robust procedures

00:08:47.517 --> 00:08:49.100 align:middle line:84%
in place, that's
where we put children

00:08:49.100 --> 00:08:51.110 align:middle line:84%
at risk of being
abused in those care

00:08:51.110 --> 00:08:53.122 align:middle line:90%
placements, of been neglected.

00:08:53.122 --> 00:08:54.830 align:middle line:84%
That's where we put
children and families

00:08:54.830 --> 00:08:57.250 align:middle line:84%
at risk of those
placements breaking down.

00:08:57.250 --> 00:08:59.750 align:middle line:84%
And so it's really, really
critical that our procedures

00:08:59.750 --> 00:09:02.840 align:middle line:84%
are solid, that they're grounded
in both these universal notions

00:09:02.840 --> 00:09:05.750 align:middle line:84%
of good practise, but they're
also grounded in the contextual

00:09:05.750 --> 00:09:08.870 align:middle line:84%
dynamics in the country
and the community.

00:09:08.870 --> 00:09:14.600 align:middle line:84%
So is foster care the answer
for deinstitutionalisation?

00:09:14.600 --> 00:09:16.850 align:middle line:84%
There's no doubt that, in
many countries in the world,

00:09:16.850 --> 00:09:18.800 align:middle line:84%
foster care systems
are underdeveloped.

00:09:18.800 --> 00:09:20.360 align:middle line:84%
And many, many
children are going

00:09:20.360 --> 00:09:22.790 align:middle line:84%
to benefit from a
significant investment

00:09:22.790 --> 00:09:26.420 align:middle line:84%
into establishing and also
scaling up the foster care

00:09:26.420 --> 00:09:28.366 align:middle line:90%
system in those countries.

00:09:28.366 --> 00:09:29.990 align:middle line:84%
But it's really
important to understand

00:09:29.990 --> 00:09:32.750 align:middle line:84%
that it's not the sole
answer to a country's

00:09:32.750 --> 00:09:35.240 align:middle line:90%
deinstitutionalisation process.

00:09:35.240 --> 00:09:38.000 align:middle line:84%
And it's really critical that
in whichever country and context

00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:41.780 align:middle line:84%
we're working in, we are working
towards developing, supporting,

00:09:41.780 --> 00:09:45.710 align:middle line:84%
scaling, and sustaining
a whole system of care

00:09:45.710 --> 00:09:48.380 align:middle line:84%
and also a whole system of
social protection for children

00:09:48.380 --> 00:09:49.430 align:middle line:90%
and families.

00:09:49.430 --> 00:09:51.770 align:middle line:84%
And not every child
that currently

00:09:51.770 --> 00:09:54.590 align:middle line:84%
lives in residential care--
even for those children who

00:09:54.590 --> 00:09:57.110 align:middle line:84%
don't need to be there, where
it's an unnecessary placement

00:09:57.110 --> 00:10:00.380 align:middle line:84%
and we need to look towards
reintegrating that child back

00:10:00.380 --> 00:10:02.810 align:middle line:84%
into the community,
either into their family

00:10:02.810 --> 00:10:05.810 align:middle line:84%
or into a family-based
care setting, foster care

00:10:05.810 --> 00:10:08.540 align:middle line:84%
is still not going to be the
sole answer for every one

00:10:08.540 --> 00:10:09.290 align:middle line:90%
of those children.

00:10:09.290 --> 00:10:12.410 align:middle line:84%
It's not going to be
appropriate for every child.

00:10:12.410 --> 00:10:14.450 align:middle line:84%
And so it's always
important that, yes,

00:10:14.450 --> 00:10:16.850 align:middle line:90%
we develop these systems.

00:10:16.850 --> 00:10:20.600 align:middle line:84%
But then we also are very much
looking at the individual needs

00:10:20.600 --> 00:10:21.710 align:middle line:90%
of every child.

00:10:21.710 --> 00:10:24.070 align:middle line:84%
We have to look at it
at a case-by-case basis

00:10:24.070 --> 00:10:26.600 align:middle line:84%
and only place
children in care when

00:10:26.600 --> 00:10:28.640 align:middle line:84%
that is the most
suitable placement

00:10:28.640 --> 00:10:30.380 align:middle line:90%
for that particular child.

00:10:30.380 --> 00:10:31.700 align:middle line:90%
So it's not the sole answer.

00:10:31.700 --> 00:10:34.697 align:middle line:84%
But it is an important
component of a whole system

00:10:34.697 --> 00:10:36.530 align:middle line:84%
that needs to be developed
and strengthened.

00:10:36.530 --> 00:10:38.990 align:middle line:84%
And it's when we have
that system in place

00:10:38.990 --> 00:10:41.210 align:middle line:84%
that we really can
say that our decisions

00:10:41.210 --> 00:10:44.240 align:middle line:84%
around individual children
is really legitimately based

00:10:44.240 --> 00:10:48.790 align:middle line:84%
upon both the necessity and
the suitability principal.

00:10:48.790 --> 00:10:56.134 align:middle line:90%