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I would like to thank the Nankai University

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College of Tourism and Service Management.

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And my friend and colleague Professor Rouran Zhang

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who invited me here to present on the subject matter

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sustainable indigenous tourism issues at Canadian world heritage sites

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So “Meegwetch” which is a traditional language of indigenous peoples

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where I live all the nation and nationally to say welcome, “huan ying” and welcome.

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Thank you for having me again.

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Our terms of the presentation today

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we will be divided into the following five sections:

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indigenous tourism background

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world heritage and indigenous peoples

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tourism issues at Canadian indigenous world heritage sites

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Case study: Pimachiowin Aki

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and finally,the conclusions that come from this presentation.

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Now it turns to the background.

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Much of what we know in Western Canada and in North America

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about indigenous tourism has been basically about shows

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such as this one of the Buffalo Bill's Wild West on other shows the basically detail

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the western experience or interpretation of indigenous cultural heritage

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Much it was tricks with horses, ropes,

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some shoot ups and all sorts of other things that basically presented

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wild rivalries, savage, barbarous, and civilized races all come together.

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In Europe, there's a very famous fellow called Karl May who was in the nineteenth century.

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And he wrote books about a subject called Winnertou

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and talked about basically indigenous heritage and culture at that time and of that era.

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And his books became so popular.

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But now there are over five hundred Indian clubs in Germany

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where every year they dress up in various clothes

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have Indian villages at various sorts of Indian attractions

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to basically celebrate indigenous culture in North America

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Interesting thing about all this is the fact that he wrote up about,

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I think about sixty books

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he never visited North America

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he never visited North America

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So this is his interpretation of the culture that

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he heard from others and the stories they heard from others as well.

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In terms of the nineteenth century, indigenous peoples were represented in different ways.

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We have a Indian cigar store here.

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This is where cigarettes for purchase, cigars were purchased for some reason or other.

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I always felt it necessary with that indigenous connection of tobacco table in there.

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There are all kinds of western movies called Cowboys and Indians Settlement of the West.

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And there are also TV shows like the lone ranger

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which are again very popular

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in terms of presenting a very westernized interpretation of indigenous culture.

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Later in the sixties and seventies

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there is a greater openness in terms of indigenous issues,

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and the aspects of people are leading with regard to

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the loss of culture, language, environment, and other sorts of activities.

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There was a famous example here of environmental movie of the United States.

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That was symbolized by the commercials on the left that

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showed indigenous people watching the land being polluted and the water being polluted as well.

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Other movies like Dance with Wolves, A Little Big Man that

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tried to tell the history of the settlement of the west and of North America

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from an indigenous perspective.

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So now from that end,

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where people have a greater sensitivity and awareness to indigenous cultures and issues

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there has been a development what has now been referred to as indigenous or aboriginal tourism.

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Specifically, we see it as two things from a destination Canada standpoint

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whereas majority of operator controlled by indigenous peoples,

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I can demonstrate a connection responsibility to

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the local indigenous community and traditional territory where the operation resides.

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So it's very much based on that land

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where the tourism activity occurs and their traditional activities

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as a result that occur with that.

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And it also ensures a significant portion of the experience

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incorporates indigenous culture, a manner that is appropriate, respectful and true.

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Authenticity is ensured through the active involvement of indigenous people,

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the development and delivery of experience.

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So it is aboriginal culture as told,

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by interpreted and presented by indigenous peoples.

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So very much not just their connection to the land,

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their connection to culture

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but pull their perspective and through their eyes as well.

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There are different sorts of aboriginal cultural activities

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that are out there around the world, not just in Canada.

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You have examples of the long house in Sarawak,

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we see the traditional activities that go on there.

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the different fabrics that you you can experience and all parts of the world

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But this is improve the income people there

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There you have the famous New Zealand Hawker that's used for celebrations,

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sporting activities and other forms of commemoration.

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And many of you might recognize this famous lady who is in front of the Honolulu.

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And many of you might recognize this famous lady who is in front of the Honolulu.

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And she gave much prominence to indigenous peoples with the tour of Australia in early 2000.

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So again, different sorts of perspectives, different cultures, different activities.

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In Canada, we have a number of activities and ways of commemorating indigenous culture.

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This is the Calgary Stampede, which is a celebration of western culture every summer,

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and indigenous people are from very prominently

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with their culture and their traditions and there are the various scarfs that .

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This is in downtown Calgary where the celebration occurs.

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There's also elements here related to cultural centers

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which is a cultural center and Western British Columbia at a place called Whistler.

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It's very well known as an international adventure tourism destination as well.

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And there are also activities referred to as Pow Wows,

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and Pow Wows are basically gatherings around North America.

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There's actually a power circuit,

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where they have various tribes,

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celebrate the different cultures, history, and the nature of the place where they live,

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and pulled in a manner that expresses different aspects

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of their crafts, horsemanship

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or other activities that are representative of their individual tribes.

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Now, in terms of the Canadian indigenous tourism market

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there are over fifteen hundred aboriginal indigenous tourism experiences across Canada.

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One third of the aboriginal tourism business are located in Ontario,

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which is the biggest, most populated province in Canada,

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followed by British Columbia and Quebec

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to make up most of the indigenous tourism activities.

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The top three tourism sectors are outdoor adventure,

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whether it's horseback riding,

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traveling around with indigenous peoples to on a buffal hunt or other social activities,

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retail which includes art galleries,

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gift shops and gas stations

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where you can purchase an experienced native crafts

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and how to make them and how they're used, and also accommodations.

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So this can be from anything from hotel to actually being in a TV,

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which is the traditional indigenous

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where you can experience a night being in that indigenous environment.

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There are over thirty thousand workers who were involved with its industry.

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And within this industry that has a representation of one point four billion dollars

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with regard to Canada's gross domestic product.

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So again, there's also a labeling that

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goes on to try and encourage more authentic indigenous tourism experiences.

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And there's a lot of marketing that goes on from a national,

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an NGO business and other entities.

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And these are some of the stakeholders who are involved.

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Parks Canada, which is responsible course of our national parks and historic sites;

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UNESCO, which deals with world heritage sites,

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something that we have to call the truth, and reconciliation commission,

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which is an entity that was developed to address,

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some of the concerns that came from the residential schools that

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indigenous peoples were thrust into in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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This is a way of trying to redress that through more support and cultural activities.

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There's international year stimulate arisen for development were supported

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and just people's tourism in a sensitive,

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thoughtful manner that based on cultural traditions.

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You have hotels, like this one here,

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that are indigenous only given indigenous experience.

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You have the industry Canada's version where indigenous tourism is

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one of the three components of it .

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as from letting Canada's tourism for the next five years

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Destination Canada, the marketing body for tourism in Canada,

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and the sustainable development goals which are important towards framing,

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how tourism can be developed in a sustainable manner.

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And finally, in the center,

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there's an umbrella organization called the indigenous tourism association of Canada that

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try to bring all these different stakeholders together

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to support community economic development in the various indigenous fans across Canada.

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There are also international responsibilities that we are required to address in Canada

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when it comes to developing indigenous tourism and also supporting indigenous peoples.

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One of the key documents is the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights that

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was enacted in 1948

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This is followed up about sixty years later with

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the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007

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known as an UNDRIP

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and finally an FPIC which is the Free Prior and Informed Consent with indigenous groups

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and with the election of our government in twenty sixteen are indigenous affairs department

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is now required to use the framework of FPIC as a way of working with indigenous groups,

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when it comes to community social and economic development.

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So these are some of the factors that affect the way that we work with indigenous groups,

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and the way that we're supposed to frame

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for example, the way we develop tourism in this instance