WEBVTT

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This is Catherine,
and we are going

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to be talking to her
about her research

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on the transmission of E. coli
between animals and humans.

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So Catherine, what's
your research involves?

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So during my research here
I use a One Health approach

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to investigate the
origin and transmission

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of antibiotic-resistant E. coli.

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This involves use of
whole genome sequencing

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to determine the genetic
relatedness of the strains

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but also the
associated resistance

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genes that's commonly
carried on mobile elements.

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You mentioned One Health.

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What does this mean?

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One Health refers to the health
of humans, animals, but also

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bacteria in the environment.

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So really, we encourage
collaboration efforts

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to be performed with
veterinarians, connections,

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environmental scientist, so
we could all come together

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to really understand the
transmission of bacteria

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between different reservoirs.

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And the real aim of this is that
we can potentially introduce

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effective interventions
to minimise the spread

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of resistant bacteria
between these reservoirs.

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So these transmission
of bacteria

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between these reservoirs
you've mentioned,

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is it common in the UK?

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Well this is one
of the reasons why

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I prefer performing
this research is

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because we don't actually
really know what's happening.

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We know that for certain
pathogens such as Salmonella

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and Campylobacter that
there is transmission

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between animals and humans.

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And this happens sometimes
through indirect contact,

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through food consumption.

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But really for E. coli,
we're not too sure.

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E. coli commonly
causes infections

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in humans, such as
urinary tract infections,

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and bloodstream infections,
but it also decolonizes

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the gut in animals and humans.

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So really what we don't know
is if the E. coli decolonizes

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the gut of animals,
if this contributes

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to disease in humans.

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And this is why we're
looking at these transmission

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studies from one health approach
to learn more about this.

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So by using genomics rather
than the traditional molecular

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typing techniques.

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So previously in the
literature, a lot of people

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have used a typing technique
called Multilocus Sequence

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Typing.

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This is the
abbreviation as MLST.

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And MLST uses typing based
on seven housekeeping genes.

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So it's giving a
unique allele profile,

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and therefore this
is the ST type.

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So currently, the thinking
is that there is transmission

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between animals and humans based
on Multilocus Sequence Typing.

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However, with
genomic sequencing,

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we have a lot more
discriminatory power.

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So instead of using
seven genes, now we

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can use thousands of genes than
in the core gene in E. coli

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to compare the genetic
relations of strains.

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And actually using
the genome sequencing,

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we can dig deeper to learn more
about how close the relation

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strains are.

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And as a result I've
seen, for example,

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one strain that could be
Multilocus Sequence Type

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10 in animals and could
have the same ST in humans

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could actually be
over 100 snips apart

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and even sometimes
well over 1,000 snips.

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So really this is the great
advantage of genomic sequencing

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is to dig deeper into
the transmission.

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And what have you found
from your research?

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So currently from the
research that I've been doing,

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I've seen very
little transmission

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between animals and humans.

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So I looked at E.
coli strains that

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colonise the gut in animals.

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I've looked at E. coli
in meat, and I've also

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looked at E. coli that causes
invasive disease in humans.

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And I've actually seen no
evidence of recent transmission

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between animals and humans.

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So the findings
of your research,

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what does this mean practically?

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Is it useful ?

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Well learning about
the reservoirs

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of resistant bacteria
is extremely important.

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It means that we can
tailor interventions

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to what our research
outputs have shown us.

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So for example, I've seen that
acquisition of resistant E.

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coli in humans is
mainly associated

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with human-to-human
transmission.

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This result shows
that if we want

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to put in an effective
intervention,

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that really they should be
focused in either in a hospital

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or in the community
where we have

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human-to-human transmission.

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But we also want to bring
back the animal side,

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because we've seen that
animal-to-animal transmission

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in farms, which
means that if we want

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to reduce
antimicrobial-resistant

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bacteria in farms, then
really the intervention

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should be based
at the farm level.

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But actually, bringing
the data together

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is really important,
because we need

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to know more about where
these resistant bacteria are

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coming from.

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Thank you very much, Catherine.

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