WEBVTT 1 00:00:13.353 --> 00:00:17.193 Hello, everyone. In this lecture and this section, 2 00:00:17.193 --> 00:00:23.050 I'm going to talk about what is the heritage and the origin of the World Heritage Program. 3 00:00:23.400 --> 00:00:30.858 In this section, I'm going to talk about what is the heritage and the origin of the World Heritage Program. 4 00:00:32.075 --> 00:00:36.975 So, what is the world heritage? 5 00:00:36.975 --> 00:00:41.327 Let's talk about the origin of the world heritage 6 00:00:41.327 --> 00:00:45.871 from the1989 Oxford English dictionary. 7 00:00:46.383 --> 00:00:52.911 Heritage is something transmitted by or acquired from a predecessor. 8 00:00:53.103 --> 00:00:57.263 It means that heritage is related to the object 9 00:00:57.263 --> 00:01:02.767 is something you transmitted from your parents or from your grandparents. 10 00:01:02.831 --> 00:01:09.475 And then the concept kind of the enlarged from not only the object and things, 11 00:01:09.475 --> 00:01:17.039 rather some big things such as site, monument or the natural environment. 12 00:01:17.039 --> 00:01:25.039 So, in 1998, the heritage concept has been enlarged. 13 00:01:25.039 --> 00:01:33.743 The Oxford dictionary define that heritage is the legacy of physical artefacts 14 00:01:33.743 --> 00:01:39.567 and intangible attributes of a group or society: man-made heritage. 15 00:01:41.743 --> 00:01:44.943 So what is the world heritage? 16 00:01:45.350 --> 00:01:50.511 World heritage, the origins understand of the cultural relics. 17 00:01:50.511 --> 00:01:55.759 So, during the renaissance focused on art and architecture 18 00:01:55.759 --> 00:01:59.407 The rights of the archaeology cultural relics 19 00:01:59.407 --> 00:02:04.527 had received attention as a historical materials. 20 00:02:04.925 --> 00:02:09.800 Humanists began to re-recognize ancient Roman ruins 21 00:02:09.800 --> 00:02:14.077 from the collection of cultural relics and research. 22 00:02:14.850 --> 00:02:22.594 The Enlightenment in the 18th century promoted Western social and ideological changes. 23 00:02:22.594 --> 00:02:29.954 After the French Revolution caused the destruction of monuments in 1789, 24 00:02:29.954 --> 00:02:33.900 the French decree called for the protection of 25 00:02:33.900 --> 00:02:38.658 "property that is useful to the public and belongs to the state." 26 00:02:38.658 --> 00:02:46.210 People began to reflect on the history of the country by appreciating the monuments. 27 00:02:46.210 --> 00:02:52.290 The spirit of nationalism became a decisive factor 28 00:02:52.290 --> 00:02:56.322 in the protection movement of the 19th century 29 00:02:56.322 --> 00:02:59.330 and spread to countries around the world. 30 00:02:59.650 --> 00:03:06.114 In general, the definition of past objects and structures as heritage, 31 00:03:06.114 --> 00:03:15.010 the process of these concepts and policies is defined as the ‘modern protection movement’ . 32 00:03:15.074 --> 00:03:19.682 The concept of protection originated in Europe 33 00:03:19.682 --> 00:03:23.074 spreads to different social and cultural contexts, 34 00:03:23.074 --> 00:03:30.114 and many cultural relics’ protection schools have emerged in France, Britain, Italy 35 00:03:30.114 --> 00:03:33.450 and other countries to promulgate relevant 36 00:03:33.450 --> 00:03:37.281 national protection laws or protection standards. 37 00:03:37.281 --> 00:03:42.100 So, during this period, cultural heritage was regarded as 38 00:03:42.100 --> 00:03:45.188 the property of the nation and the state. 39 00:03:45.188 --> 00:03:45.216 It belonged to the state and was essentially different 40 00:03:45.216 --> 00:03:49.156 It belonged to the state and was essentially different 41 00:03:49.156 --> 00:03:54.660 from the ‘common heritage of mankind’ emphasized by the UN system. 42 00:03:54.660 --> 00:03:58.820 However, these two concepts were integrated 43 00:03:58.820 --> 00:04:02.532 in the post-war international collaboration. 44 00:04:02.532 --> 00:04:07.140 International action for the protection of cultural heritage. 45 00:04:08.003 --> 00:04:10.627 So you can see from the screen, 46 00:04:10.627 --> 00:04:17.027 the Athens Charter was a 1933 document about urban planning 47 00:04:17.027 --> 00:04:20.995 published by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. 48 00:04:20.995 --> 00:04:33.155 The Charter got its name from location of the fourth CIAM conference in 1933, 49 00:04:33.155 --> 00:04:36.931 and had a significant impact on urban planning 50 00:04:36.931 --> 00:04:40.451 and cultural heritage protection after World War II. 51 00:04:44.950 --> 00:04:52.374 In 1954, the government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam, 52 00:04:52.374 --> 00:04:56.925 whose resulting future reservoir would eventually 53 00:04:56.925 --> 00:05:02.900 inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley 54 00:05:02.900 --> 00:05:08.317 containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia. 55 00:05:08.317 --> 00:05:15.950 So in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO 56 00:05:15.950 --> 00:05:27.725 to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. 57 00:05:27.725 --> 00:05:36.775 In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the member states for 58 00:05:36.775 --> 00:05:41.127 an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia. 59 00:05:41.127 --> 00:05:41.200 This appeal resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, 60 00:05:41.200 --> 00:05:49.063 This appeal resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, 61 00:05:49.063 --> 00:05:53.095 the recovery of thousands of objects, 62 00:05:53.095 --> 00:06:01.607 as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of a number of important temples, 63 00:06:01.671 --> 00:06:10.759 the most famous of which are the temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Philae. 64 00:06:13.025 --> 00:06:19.809 Well, this shows a picture is removal of the obscene as you can see from the images. 65 00:06:19.809 --> 00:06:27.617 So this campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. 66 00:06:27.681 --> 00:06:35.425 As tokens of its gratitude to countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, 67 00:06:35.425 --> 00:06:39.905 Egypt donated four temples: 68 00:06:39.905 --> 00:06:45.350 such as the Temple of Dendur was moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art 69 00:06:45.350 --> 00:06:47.713 in New York City in USA. 70 00:06:49.126 --> 00:06:53.798 So this is another part of the temple of Abu Simbel. 71 00:06:53.798 --> 00:06:58.406 So this project cause the project costed eighty million US dollars, 72 00:06:58.406 --> 00:07:04.550 about forty million of which was collected from fifty countries. 73 00:07:04.550 --> 00:07:10.630 The project succeeded and let another six god champions. 74 00:07:10.630 --> 00:07:14.918 Save varies and its new goals in Italy. 75 00:07:14.918 --> 00:07:21.350 UNESCO then initiated with international council on the monument and site, 76 00:07:21.350 --> 00:07:27.430 which we call ICOMOS, a draft convention to protect the cultural heritage. 77 00:07:31.064 --> 00:07:36.250 So this image shows the job of The Venice charter 78 00:07:36.250 --> 00:07:41.946 The Venice charter adopted by the second international conference of architects 79 00:07:41.946 --> 00:07:48.625 and technicians in 1964, emphasizes in its introduction 80 00:07:48.625 --> 00:07:54.575 the concept of the integrity of human values and the common heritage of mankind. 81 00:07:54.575 --> 00:07:57.135 In the theory of conservation, 82 00:07:57.455 --> 00:08:02.063 it not only points out the importance of universal standards, 83 00:08:02.063 --> 00:08:06.607 but also expresses the respect for cultural differences, 84 00:08:06.607 --> 00:08:12.879 which makes it flexible to apply to the experience of different countries, 85 00:08:12.879 --> 00:08:19.663 and becomes the basic international literature of conservation theory, 86 00:08:19.663 --> 00:08:25.100 and undoubtedly becomes the important reference for the definition 87 00:08:25.100 --> 00:08:28.364 and evaluation standard of World Heritage. 88 00:08:28.364 --> 00:08:33.548 These laid the foundation for the international conservation movement. 89 00:08:35.148 --> 00:08:44.172 This is the first section, the next section I will going to talk about the meaning of culture heritage. Thank you.