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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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CHIARA MURGIA: Genetic
tests are becoming

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increasingly available.

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There's a new one every day.

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Some of them already impact
in the practice of medicine.

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For example, we can test
for genes that increase

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the risk of colon cancer.

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And if a carrier of one of
these mutations asks for advice,

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it can be given out,
personalized advice

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of increasing the frequency
of colonoscopy screenings,

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and also to modify
the diet accordingly.

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For example, decreasing the
amount of meat consumed.

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Understanding the role
of these variations

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that scientists
call polymorphins

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held the promise to
make us understand

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the individual requirements
and individual predispositions

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to diseases,
individual responses

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to drugs, and of course,
individual nutritional

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requirements.

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The availability of
all this information

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has impacted deeply
all the branches

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of biomedical research.

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And it's really affecting
the way medicine

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is practiced in several fields.

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Studying inheritable rare
metabolic conditions,

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such as some rare form of
obesity, led to understanding

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genes that are involved
in energy regulation.

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For example, we know now
that the leptin gene that

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have the information to
assemble the hormone leptin,

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if it's mutated, if there
is an error in that gene,

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the individuals that
carry that mutation

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become, very early in
life, severely obese.

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This is a very rare event.

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The vast majority of
obesity is the result

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of a large number
of gene variations

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that are affected also
by diet and lifestyle.

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Despite the incredible
amount of progress

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in the understanding
of the human genetics,

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most complex conditions
are still unclear.

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For example, it's way too
early for genome scans

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to provide a complete
picture of individual risk

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to metabolic conditions,
like such obesity, and also

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type 2 diabetes.

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We don't know all
the gene variations

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that contribute
to the development

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of those pathologies.

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And most of the variations
we know-- we know quite a few

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now-- increase the
risk of the pathology

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of a very small amount.

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So this is leading
us to understanding

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how different people can respond
to different dietary advice.

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And so it could be the
end of the one size

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fits all way to
the recommendation.

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And although we still
have a long road

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to go to make this happen, this
is a really exciting new field

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of nutrition science.

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We call this nutrigenetics,
or nutrigenomics,

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or more generally,
nutritional genomics.

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