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Addressing these essential questions of what, when, 

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 where, who, and why, 

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will involve these following steps, 

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identification and documentation of cultural landscape resources, 

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assessment of landscape characteristics, 

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and an analysis and evaluation. 

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And the first step is identification 

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and documentation of cultural landscape resources, 

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in other words, 

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identify the type of cultural landscape and its setting, 

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document the landscape history. 

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And this can be fun, 

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because it covers the description of the site 

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or the landscape history 

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based on research of archival primary and secondary sources. 

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Primary sources such as journals, diaries,

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 private and public records, 

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family archives,

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 photographs, newspapers, 

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historic clowns and maps. 

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And you start to unravel in information, 

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second resources of books and reports 

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or other similar material. 

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What you are doing is developing an understanding of what 

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we call the historic context of the landscape. 

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Step two is assessment of landscape characteristics. 

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So once the background identification and documentation 

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has been completed, 

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it's possible to address the task of assessment of 

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the particular characteristics of the landscape. 

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For this, you need a comprehensive system for organizing 

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presentation of information on landscape characteristics, 

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values and significance. 

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Because cultural landscapes are a montage, 

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in other words, a buildup, 

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a series of layers through time. 

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And these layers are created by human intervention over time. 

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And the natural forces that have shaped the physical landscape. 

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Here is a list of the kind of things 

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that the tumor you might look for, 

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land use and activities, 

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patterns resulting from periods of landscape making, 

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cultural traditions, natural elements. 

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These are what we call the processes involved in landscape making, 

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how the overall landscape are evolved, 

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and then look at individual components. 

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There's an example of these. 

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I show you this landscape characteristics for rural landscapes. 

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If you're doing a rural landscape study, 

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these could be the things that you might be looking for. 

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And these come from a document from 

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which is now 20 years old, 

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from the US National Park Service. 

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And these are the process you look at land-uses and activities, 

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patterns of special organization, 

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natural systems, and human responses, 

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and then cultural traditions. 

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What's the history of cultural traditions in the area? 

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Have different groups of people that 

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they come in and be involved? 

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Within these overall patterns, 

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you then start to look at these individual components, 

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cluster arrangements, 

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that's clusters of buildings, 

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circulation, 

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the roads, 

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path, 

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canals, 

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rivers, 

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have they been used or are they useful 

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as far by humans for stop circulation? 

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What's the topography, 

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and how has that influenced the western landscape looks, 

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what's the vegetation? 

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Is there any natural vegetation or is it all farmland? 

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You need to look at the boundaries and ownership, 

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buildings and structures, 

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views and vistas. 

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What are the views through there in the visitors? 

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What kind of overall feeling do you get of the area? 

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And then small-scale elements, 

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what are the small scale? 

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In a rural landscape, 

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what small elements can you see? 

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Maybe small or something like that amongst the rice patties? 

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And then you also need to be aware of archaeological sites. 

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And are they surface archaeology or subsurface archaeology? 

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The process in looking at an urban, 

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the street form and spatial proportions; 

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relationship between landscape space and built form; 

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architectural styles; 

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historic periods of building development 

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related to meanings and symbolism in special patterns, 

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including community through time and their values, 

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their ideologies. 

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What kind of built form is there? 

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The more foliage is just kind of architecture. 

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Has it changed through times? 

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What are the cultural traditions leading to 

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the forms and patterns and architectural styles? 

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How have natural elements

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 influenced the layout in an urban area? 

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And then individual components, 

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components like the style of buildings and structures, 

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materials, colors, textures, 

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building traditions, vegetation, 

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paving materials, street furniture,  

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Is these kinds of things? 

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An important and useful tool for handling large areas 

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is the subdivision of a steady area into 

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what we call landscape character units. 

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On the scale of the units will vary according to the landscape. 

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It's use an activity. 

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Landscape character units are not units based on physical criteria 

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or visual catchment zone. 

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Rather they are defined by landscape patterns 

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informed by historical settlement daughter essential to 

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an understanding of landscape making. 

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You have to look at the landscape and see 

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where the boundaries of these landscape character units are. 

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We will come back to this in a moment. 

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Then we go to the next section.

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Step three, analysis and evaluation. 

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This is the stage of fully understanding 

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a cultural landscape through its inherent cultural values, 

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and establishing its significance 

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as a guide to conservation and future sustainable use. 

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Historical documentation, field survey, 

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and assessment of the forces that have created

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 the landscape form, 

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will form the basis for understanding cultural values. 

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So this is the important status of fully understanding 

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a cultural landscape. 

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The following factors applied to each landscape character unit 

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need to be addressed, 

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analyze the inherent values. 

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Here is an analysis of such things 

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as aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, and spiritual values. 

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Evaluate cultural significance, 

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and this involves synthesizing 

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all the information that you've got from research 

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and analysis of values 

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to develop a clear statement of how and why 

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the landscape is valued. 

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And this leads to development of a statement of significance 

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for each landscape character unit, 

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and then an overall one for the overall study area. 

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And the statement should set out the following. 

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A cultural heritage values represented in the landscape, 

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who holds these values, 

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how important they are 

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to the groups that are involved. 

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The total significant statement is really

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 not just a statement of what and why. 

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Why is it important in a statement of cultural signals? 

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Don't just describe the landscaping you've already done that.  

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Try to summarize why it's important. 

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What is significant element?