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YODI MAHENDRADHATA: The
Importance of Context--

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Context Analysis.

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Let's go back again to the
health policy triangle.

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The triangle suggests,
again, that policies

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are influenced by policy
content, process, stakeholders,

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and contexts.

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This highlights
that when it comes

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to policy support and ownership
context really matters.

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Sometimes contextual
elements become clear

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as the program evolves.

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What works in one place may
not work in another place.

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In Afghanistan, for example, as
the polio program progressed,

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policymakers realized
explicit political support

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from the government was
often counterproductive.

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So, clearly, the
effectiveness of policies

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is influenced by their
implementation in a given

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context.

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Health policies are
often implemented

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in complex, multifaceted,
and dynamic environments.

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So the same policy would
rarely work in the same way

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in different contexts.

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While the tools and strategies
used to implement a policy

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are important, the context of
implementation equally matters.

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Understanding context is crucial
for successful implementation

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of a program.

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Understanding contextual
factors as much as

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possible at the
outset in particular

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would be really, really
helpful in the long run.

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Now here we have guidance to
help us do a proper context

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analysis, basically viewing
seven contextual domains,

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which have been shown to
be important for policy

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engagement.

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So, first, we have geographical.

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This refers to the broader
physical environment,

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landscapes and
resources, both natural

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and transformed by humans,
for example, infrastructure.

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And then we have
epidemiological.

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This refers to the distribution
of diseases or conditions,

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the attributable
burden of disease,

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as well as determinants of
needs in populations, including

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demographics.

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Then we have
sociocultural contexts,

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which comprises explicit
and implicit behavior

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patterns, including their
embodiment in symbols

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and artifacts.

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The essential core
of culture consists

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of historically derived
and selected ideas

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and values that are shared
among members of a group.

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Next, we have the
socioeconomic context,

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which comprises the social
and economic resources

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of a community and the
access of a population

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to these resources.

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Then related to that, we
have the ethical context,

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which is about reflections of
morality, which encompasses

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norms, rules,
standards of conduct,

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and principles that
guide the decisions

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and behaviors of individuals
and institutions.

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And then we have
the legal context.

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This is about rules
and regulations

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that have been established to
protect a population's right

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and societal interests.

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Now, formally, this
has to be passed

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by a competent legislative
body like a parliament.

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Legal norms can
mostly be enforced

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with order and compulsion,
which distinguish them

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from ethical and social norms.

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At the end, we have
the political contexts,

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which focus on the distribution
of power, assets, and interests

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within a population,
as well as the range

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of organizations
involved, their interests

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and the formal and informal
rules that govern interactions

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between them.

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Now context analysis, of
course, should not just

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be an academic exercise.

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The analysis can
be and should be

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used to support policy
development and policy

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implementations.

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For the purpose of
policy development,

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context analysis can inform
or adapt policy content,

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can also be used to improve
policy participation

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or improve communication of
stakeholders in the context

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of policy implementations.

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Context analysis can help.

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Continuous engagement
with stakeholders.

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It can also provide feedback
to address the gaps in policy

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implementations, promoting
institutionalization,

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and provision of programs,
services, resources,

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or information.

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By now, you should be ready to
try to do a context analysis.

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So what I would like
to ask you to do now

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is first go back to
the program summary

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for an overview of the
context key player challenges.

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And then try to do a
rapid conducts analysis

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based on the seven
domains we discussed.

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This, again, should take
you no more than 20 minutes.

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Again, if you are following
this course individually,

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you can do this mini exercise as
a thought process on your own.

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If you are following
this as a group,

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then you could actually simulate
a more realistic context

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analysis exercise by
doing it with others.

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In any case, I am
sure by the end

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of this exercise you
would have a better

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grasp of what it takes to do
a proper context analysis.

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Good luck.

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