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And we (divide) sub divided the area into the series of landscape units. 

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And in the documentation stage and analysis, 

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we found old maps and plans of the area, 

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which often had landscape descriptions in it, 

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such as well grassed, open forest. 

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As in here,

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 apart from the paintings, 

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we had written descriptions of parts of the landscape. 

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And other historical information came from diaries, 

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local history books, 

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and records, 

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such as the governor of the colony of New South Wales, 

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a man by the name of Mcquarrie. 

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He traveled through this area in 1820. 

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And he went through the park. 

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Let's look. 

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And he described this area as 

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we met a numerous herd, 

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of about 400 herd of cattle belonging to Mr Wingecarribee, 

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feeding in a fine rich meadow. 

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The grounds are joining Mr Wingecarribee's hunt, 

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because that time he was living here, 

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and starting to build his place, 

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are extremely pretty, 

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gentle hills and dales with an extensive rich valley in his front. 

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The whole having a very park like appearance, 

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being very thinly wooded. 

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There we've got the painting of it, 

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it's almost like having a photograph from the 1820s. 

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We're very fortunate in Australia

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in having a lot of landscape paintings from this period. 

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So you're doing a landscape history study, 

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you can refer to the paintings. 

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So these are the units. 

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And, 

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in some of the reading that we did, 

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we came across records of wheat fields, 

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because this in 1820s, 

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Sydney was still developing, 

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and wheat was grown here. 

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And then censorship sent to Sydney by bullock cart. 

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And there's a record of these wheat fields. 

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And there's also a record of ploughing competitions 

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in round about (I don't know)1822, 

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of these playing competitions. 

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Now we know that back then, 

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they use bullocks and single blade plows. 

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They just go along ploughing. 

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And what you got was 

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what we call a thorough the blade dug into the ground 

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and shut the soil to one side. 

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So you got a pattern, 

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a wavy pattern like this. 

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It's called ridge and furrow plough, 

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because that's what happens. 

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You plough along. 

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On one afternoon, 

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the archaeologist and I were going home. 

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It was a winter afternoon, 

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the sun was shining, it was cold,

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 the sun was low. 

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And this archaeologist, 

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I was in his car, 

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 and he always drove fast, 

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I was always scared when I was with him. 

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But we're driving along this road, 

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he slammed the brakes on. 

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He said "Ken, there's the weak field". 

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and here it is. 

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We found it. 

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Here is the ridge on foot for a plow mark. 

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Now you might ask why they going uphill 

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instead of across in a climate like Australia, 

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where you can get flooding rains and droughts. 

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because this technique originated in the iron age in Europe. 

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They would plow up the hills. 

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So they get drainage. 

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I don't need it here. 

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And there's a saying in English 

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is "Going up hill and down dale".

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The dale is a valley, 

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and down across. 

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And all sorts of interesting little anecdotes 

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like that in this landscape. 

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But the interesting thing is when this landowner 

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found out 

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what we interpreted this site, 

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he said, 

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I'm not going to plow that feeling. 

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He was on the verge of ripping it all up

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 and resigning it with something else. 

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And it would have destroyed all these. 

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And he said "I'm not going to do that. 

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I'm gonna keep it now because it's an important piece of history."

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So we had 10 cultural landscape units. 

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And from these 

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we delineated

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 series what we thought was the most important, 

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everything significant in here, there's no doubt about it. 

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It's a significant historical area. 

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We couldn't call everything significant to that extent. 

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So what we did was thinking about it, 

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which are the units? 

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Which best show the history of the making of this landscape? 

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These are the units. 

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This is where those plow marks are along here. 

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And, 

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Frosty Park is up in this area here. 

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And so we delineated these, 

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and we also delineated 

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significant historic towns and villages,  

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like this place here, 

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very popular for people to retire into. 

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And you can see this is a photograph from the 1890s, 

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and this is a photograph from the 1990s, 

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and this building is still here. 

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It is the link with the past. 

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So we delineated a series of 

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what we called historic cultural landscape units. 

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And at the time, 

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the local shire put a landscape conservation order on this area. 

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Now let me just for a conclusion, 

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if you're ever involved in such an exercise 

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as when you carry this study, 

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it's critical that the study method that you use 

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reaches beyond being merely a visual approach, 

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just saying what it looks like. 

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Through research and through into this disciplinary teamwork, 

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you need to look at the choice, 

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the method to address the research question posed 

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at the beginning of the chapter of this paper that I gave you, 

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and an idea of what are the cultural 

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and what's the historic context of the area 

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that you're looking at, 

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also say the critical description study 

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who is meetings with local people. 

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We had meetings with local people in this area 

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in which we asked them their opinions, 

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their ideas for the future, 

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so that we knew what they wanted 

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or what they hoped for. 

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In other words, 

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we got them to participate in the study. 

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The area still looks very much like this today. 

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It was a reasonably successful piece of work. 

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It was part of a much bigger piece of work. 

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People looking at aboriginal history 

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and the whole history of the Shire. 

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It must be one of the best 

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studied areas in the whole of New South Wales. 

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So there's some background on what I meant by cultural landscape, 

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meanings and values, 

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and how you interpret them.

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 And I hope that you get some benefit 

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from listening to this talk and looking up at the slides. 

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And, 

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thank you, DR. Zhang for asking me to do it. 

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Thank you.